18 de jul. de 2012

inteligência artificial

Inteligência e verdade  (olavodecarvalho.org)
- Highlight Loc. 69-72  | Added on Tuesday, December 06, 2011, 03:31 PM

O pensamento artificial é essencialmente uma imitação de atos de pensamento segundo a fórmula das suas sequências e combinações. Do mesmo modo podemos imitar a imaginação e a memória, se em vez de utilizar uma correspondência biunívoca entre signo e significado recorrermos a uma rede de correspondências analógicas. Dá na mesma: em ambos os casos, trata-se de imitar um algoritmo, a fórmula de uma sequência ou rede de combinações, que por sua vez imitam as operações reais da mente.

doctors rejected the practice of hand washing because it made no sense to them

The Black Swan (Nassim Nicholas Taleb)
- Highlight Loc. 3911-13  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 07:01 PM

Consider that before we knew of bacteria, and their role in diseases, doctors rejected the practice of hand washing because it made no sense to them, despite the evidence of a meaningful decrease in hospital deaths.

Ecce veritas

Inteligência e verdade  (olavodecarvalho.org)
- Highlight Loc. 54-60  | Added on Tuesday, December 06, 2011, 11:26 AM

Mas, dirá o velho Pilatos em nós, quid est Veritas? Cada um de nós é um juiz romano, corrompido até a medula, a fazer de conta que não sabe aquilo que sabe perfeitamente bem. A verdade da qual alegas nada saber, nfausto Pôncio, a verdade é o quid — esse mesmo quid que, se desconhecesses, não poderias usar como medida de aferição para o termo "verdade". Se pergunto quê é alguma coisa, se ignoro mesmo o que é alguma coisa, é porque a coisa que se me oferece nesse instante não cumpre, não atende perfeitamente a condição exigida na palavra quê — aquela consistência, aquela coesão do estar, do agir e do padecer, aquela patência e sobretudo aquela fatalidade, aquele não-ser-de-outro-modo, aquela impositiva ausência de perguntas — e da capacidade de fazer perguntas — que me sobrevém quando sei o quê. Ecce veritas. É o que basta por enquanto, sem prejuízo de posteriores discussões e aprofundamentos.

memorize declensions

The Black Swan (Nassim Nicholas Taleb)
- Highlight Loc. 3893-95  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 06:59 PM

While the scholastic-minded will memorize declensions, the a-Platonic nonnerd will acquire, say, Serbo-Croatian by picking up potential girlfriends in bars on the outskirts of Sarajevo, or talking to cabdrivers, then fitting (if needed) grammatical rules to the knowledge he already possesses.

languages grow organically

The Black Swan (Nassim Nicholas Taleb)
- Highlight Loc. 3891-93  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 06:59 PM

He will have the impression that some higher grammatical authority set the linguistic regulations so that nonlearned ordinary people could subsequently speak the language. In reality, languages grow organically; grammar is something people without anything more exciting to do in their lives codify into a book.

a vida é feita de atitudes humanas, e entre elas está um controle decente e inteligente dos apetites que partilhamos com os cachorros

Cozinheiros Demais, Rex Stout
- Highlight Loc. 2300-2303  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 06:51 PM

Você sabe muito bem o que é a vida; a vida é feita de atitudes humanas, e entre elas está um controle decente e inteligente dos apetites que partilhamos com os cachorros. Um homem não disputa uma carcaça nem late no alto de um morro do crepúsculo ao amanhecer. Ele come alimentos cozidos, quando consegue, em quantidades limitadas, e administra suas paixões conforme suas conveniências.

Não é decente forçar o vício da cocaína em um homem, mas é monstruoso fazer isso e depois, repentinamente, retirar seu suprimento da droga.

Cozinheiros Demais, Rex Stout
- Highlight Loc. 1782-87  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 05:59 PM

Não é decente forçar o vício da cocaína em um homem, mas é monstruoso fazer isso e depois, repentinamente, retirar seu suprimento da droga. A natureza pretende apenas que um homem satisfaça uma mulher, e que esta satisfaça um homem, tanto física quanto espiritualmente, mas não há satisfação para ninguém na senhora. O vapor que emana de seus olhos, de seus lábios, de sua pele macia, de sua silhueta e de seu movimento não é bom, mas maligno. Eu a culpo por tudo: estava viva, com seus instintos e apetites, viu Marko e o desejou. Envolveu-o com seu miasma — fez de seu veneno o ar que ele respirava — e depois, por capricho, sem avisar, tomou este ar dele e o deixou sufocando.

Coherence

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 220-23  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:32 PM

It is very much to be hoped that economists in the future will show themselves less inclined than they have been in the past to look for ready-made, but spurious, coherence, and that they will take a greater interest in the variety of ways in which the human mind in action produces coherence out of an initially incoherent

the modern economist, so learned in the grammar of equilibrium, so ignorant of the facts of the market,

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 193-94  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:27 PM

the modern economist, so learned in the grammar of equilibrium, so ignorant of the facts of the market,

Is it really at all possible to indicate "the entrepreneur" in a world in which managerial functions are so widely spread?

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 137-39  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:20 PM

But do the directors and managers at the top of the organizational ladder really make all the specifying decisions? Are not many such decisions made "lower down" by works managers, supervisors, etc.? Is it really at all possible to indicate "the entrepreneur" in a world in which managerial functions are so widely spread?

The market process is thus seen to be a leveling process

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 85-88  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:11 PM

The market process is thus seen to be a leveling process. In a market economy a process of redistribution of wealth is taking place all the time before which those outwardly similar processes which modern politicians are in the habit of instituting, pale into comparative insignificance, if for no other reason than that the market gives wealth to those who can hold it, while politicians give it to their constituents who, as a rule, cannot.

If all capital resources were infinitely versatile

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 75-77  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:05 PM

If all capital resources were infinitely versatile, the entrepreneurial problem would consist in no more than following the changes of external conditions by turning combinations of resources to a succession of uses made profitable by these changes.

In a world of unexpected change the maintenance of wealth is always problematical; and in the long run it may be said to be impossible.

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 62-63  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 03:02 PM

In a world of unexpected change the maintenance of wealth is always problematical; and in the long run it may be said to be impossible.

what is a valueless object today may become valuable tomorrow

The Market and the Distribution of Wealth  (mises.org)
- Highlight Loc. 56-62  | Added on Monday, December 05, 2011, 02:31 PM

Derelict houses and heaps of scrap are obvious examples, as are any objects which their owners would gladly give away if they could find somebody willing to remove them. Moreover, what is a resource today may cease to be one tomorrow, while what is a valueless object today may become valuable tomorrow. The resource status of material objects is therefore always problematical and depends to some extent on foresight. An object constitutes wealth only if it is a source of an income stream. The value of the object to the owner, actual or potential, reflects at any moment its expected income-yielding capacity. This, in its turn, will depend on the uses to which the object can be turned. The mere ownership of objects, therefore, does not necessarily confer wealth; it is their successful use which confers it. Not ownership but use of resources is the source of income and wealth. An ice-cream factory in New York may mean wealth to its owner; the same ice-cream factory in Greenland would scarcely be a resource.

Sociedades sem Estado: a antiga Irlanda (libertarianismo.org)

Sociedades sem Estado: a antiga Irlanda  (libertarianismo.org)
- Highlight Loc. 91-97  | Added on Sunday, December 04, 2011, 03:30 PM

O direito irlandês reconhecia o provável fato de que um homem pobre pudesse ter dificuldade em fazer um homem rico enviar uma disputa para negociação ou arbitragem por um filid. Ele assim previa um tipo especial de procedimento. De acordo com ele, o querelante era obrigado a ir até o portão da casa do acusado e sentar lá do nascer até o pôr-do-sol, jejuando durante todo o tempo; o acusado deveria, da mesma forma, manter um jejum ou enviar o caso para adjudicação. Se ele quebrasse seu jejum ou se recusasse a enviar o caso para a adjudicação depois de três dias, era declarado que ele havia perdido sua honra dentro da comunidade e não poderia exigir a execução de nenhuma reclamação sua. Nas palavras do código legal: "Aquele que não se comprometer ao jejum é um fugitivo de todos.

How can one deny that to refrain from consumption expenditures in order to increase one’s money balances is to engage in voluntary saving?

Free Banking: Theory, History and a Laissez-Faire Model (Larry J. Sechrest)
- Highlight Loc. 4233-37  | Added on Monday, January 02, 2012, 01:21 AM

For Rothbard, there are three separate allocative channels for one’s income: consumption, cash balances, and savings-investment (these two are always equal). As suggested above, this reasoning leads to a model in which discoordination can arise between the money and credit markets, and it raises a troublesome question. How can one deny that to refrain from consumption expenditures in order to increase one’s money balances is to engage in voluntary saving? Yet this is what Rothbard apparently does deny.

Do police really stop crime?

Bourbon for Breakfast: Living Outside the Statist Quo (Jeffrey  Tucker)
- Highlight Loc. 2415-21  | Added on Saturday, December 31, 2011, 03:12 PM

In any case, the phenomenon of Officer Kanapsky raises fundamental questions not only about federal labor law but also about the role of the police in any community. Do they really stop crime? Sure, they arrive after a crime has been committed; they take fingerprints (those only seem to work in the movies) and file reports. In real life, however, crime prevention is due to the private sector: locks, alarm systems, and the like.This is what prevents crimes from taking place. The police aren’t so hot at prosecuting crime either, but for people who commit crimes like slowing down at a three-way stop. Yet we are all somehow under the illusion that the police are the reason we are safe. It is the core mythology of our civic religion.

We really don’t get all the government we pay for, and thank goodness.

Bourbon for Breakfast: Living Outside the Statist Quo (Jeffrey  Tucker)
- Highlight Loc. 2289  | Added on Friday, December 30, 2011, 08:37 AM

We really don’t get all the government we pay for, and thank goodness. Lord protect us on the day that we do.

Royalties

Bourbon for Breakfast: Living Outside the Statist Quo (Jeffrey  Tucker)
- Highlight Loc. 1673-78  | Added on Monday, December 26, 2011, 06:18 PM

Now, in a free market, there is nothing wrong with an upfront payment for first-run rights to a book or movie. It is by being first past the post that profits are made. This was how artists were paid in the Renaissance: not through royalties, as if the artists owns the image or work, but through a payment that comes with granting some third party the opportunity to be the first to reveal the work. In the 19th century, for example, British authors would sell their manuscripts to American publishers, who could not copyright the work (there was no such thing as international copyright in those days). It turned out that the authors made more money through this means of payment than through royalties in their own country.

Politics is a means for trying to enforce a simplified model of structured regularity upon a complex, nonlinear world.

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 806-10  | Added on Monday, December 26, 2011, 08:43 AM

While many continue to express faith in the proposition that “the more complex society becomes, the greater the need for centralized, governmental regulation,” the truth lies elsewhere. Because of the unpredictability factor, it is simple— not complex—systems that can more easily be organized from the top-down. The more complex a society becomes, the less capable political systems are to provide for social order—if, indeed, they ever were—and the more we must rely upon spontaneous and informal processes. Politics is a means for trying to enforce a simplified model of structured regularity upon a complex, nonlinear world.

Chaos is but unperceived order

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 797-804  | Added on Monday, December 26, 2011, 01:10 AM

If we think of order as a kind of information system, our failure to discover the underlying harmony or regularity may lead us to conclude that we are facing disorderly conditions. But isn’t the difference between what we think of as order and disorder accounted for only by the state of our understanding rather than by the rest of nature? Has the universe suddenly changed from “chaos” to “order,” or has there only been a change in our perspectives—encouraged, perhaps, by the availability of improved technologies—such that we are now able to discover these hidden patterns of order? And isn’t the process of discovering order in what seems to us disorderly, only a synonym for learning? Harlow Shapley expressed the point in these words: “Chaos is but unperceived order; it is a word indicating the limitations of the human mind and the paucity of observational facts. The words ‘chaos,’ ‘accidental,’ ‘chance,’ ‘unpredictable,’ are conveniences behind which we hide our ignorance.”

the consequences of erroneous judgments

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 695-97  | Added on Sunday, December 25, 2011, 02:59 PM

We shall discover, further on, how a system of privately-owned property is not only essential to such self-organizing processes but, by decentralizing decision-making, serves to localize, rather than universalize, the consequences of erroneous judgments.

warnings given to participants in whitewater river-rafting

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 733-36  | Added on Sunday, December 25, 2011, 05:03 PM

Our task is not to manage complexity, which implies trying to control it for intended results, but to respond to its presence. An example of this latter approach is found in the warnings given to participants in whitewater river-rafting: should you fall overboard and be drawn beneath the raft, do not fight the turbulence but give in to it, and you will return to the surface on the other side. Those who fight the turbulence often end up drowning.

Spontaneous orders and information chains

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 690-94  | Added on Sunday, December 25, 2011, 02:59 PM

As Hayek has expressed it, the spontaneous ordering of social systems requires us to “allow each individual element to find its own place within the larger order.” This process requires that dispersed information be utilized by many different individuals, unknown to one another, in a way that allows the different knowledge of millions to form an exosomatic or material pattern. Every individual becomes a link in many chains of transmission through which he receives signals enabling him to adapt his plans to circumstances he does not know.14

Um Discurso Fatal, Rex Stout

Um Discurso Fatal, Rex Stout
- Highlight Loc. 2033-39  | Added on Friday, December 23, 2011, 08:52 AM

    — Isso me lembra — observei — aquele velho quadro que havia na nossa sala de jantar em Ohio, das pessoas num trenó jogando uma criancinha aos lobos que os perseguiam. Isso talvez não se aplique ao Dexter ou ao Kates, mas com toda a certeza se aplica ao O’Neill. Esprit de corps uma ova. Meu Deus, ele era presidente do comitê de jantar. Aquele quadro me preocupava muito. Sob certo ponto de vista, era desumano jogar o bebê, mas por outro lado, se não o jogassem, os lobos eventualmente teriam apanhado todo mundo, bebê, cavalos e tudo. É verdade que o próprio homem poderia ter pulado, ou a mulher. Lembro-me de ter decidido que, se fosse eu, beijaria a mulher e a criança em despedida e então pularia. Naquele tempo eu tinha oito anos, era menor, e hoje em dia não acho que esteja tão obrigado a ter essa atitude.

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)

Boundaries of Order (Butler Shaffer)
- Highlight Loc. 600-602  | Added on Wednesday, December 21, 2011, 10:44 PM

When a government-run program ends in disaster, the mechanistic mantra is invariably invoked: “we will find out what went wrong and fix it so that this doesn’t happen again.” That the traditional model itself, which is grounded in the state’s power to control the lives and property of individuals to desired ends, may be the principal contributor to such social disorder goes largely unexplored.